The Four types of Reinforcement - 666 Words

Everybody has been punished at least once in their life time and we all remember how that one small spanking, time out, or grounding seemed like it was the end of the world. What event caused the punishment, did that event ever occur again? Punishment is a type of reinforcement. The term reinforce means to strengthen, and in Psychology it is used to refer to any stimulus which strengthens the probability of a certain response. There are four types of reinforcement: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment and extinction. Of those four types of reinforcement, punishment is the most effective type if given after an undesired response; it can also be used to teach one a lesson. It lowers the probability that a response will occur again. In operant conditioning, punishment is any change in a human or its surroundings that occurs after a given behavior which minimizes the likelihood of that behavior occurring again. There are two types of punishment: positive punishment and negative punishment. Positive punishment is known as â€Å"punishment by application.† This form of punishment involves presenting an aversive stimulus after a behavior has occurred. For example, a puppy does not use the puppy pad and the owner scolds him for it. The second type of punishment, negative punishment, is known as the â€Å"punishment by removal.† Negative punishment involves taking away something that is dear to the punished. An example of this type of punishment is a parentShow MoreRelatedSkinners O perant Conditioning Theory Essay658 Words   |  3 Pagesconditioned to respond in a certain way, and learning takes place. Reinforcement is a vital element in Skinners Stimulus-Response Theory. A reinforcer is anything that strengthens a desired response, such as verbal praise, or a good grade. Skinners theory also covers negative reinforcers, and punishment that lead to the reduction of undesired responses. Further, attention is given to schedules of reinforcement used to establish and maintain behaviour. This topic will exploreRead MoreBehaviorism Theory On The Theory Of Behaviorism Essay1221 Words   |  5 Pagesstimulus which can be modified into continuous reinforcement, a fixed ratio schedule, a fixed interval schedule and variable schedules. This allows to shape the behavior of the individual to have a certain outcome. Behaviorism can be described as an assumption that a learner is passive meaning that it responds to its environmental stimuli. The behavior can be shaped by positive and negative reinforcement no matter of previous history. The reinforcement increases the possibility of a behavior to happenRead MoreThere Are Many Types Of Conditioning That People Used To1427 Words   |  6 PagesThere are many types of conditioning that people used to learn things. The first type of condition that we talk about in this paper is classical condition. The second type of conditioning is called operant conditioning. And the last type of conditioning is vicarious conditioning / Observational Learning. These are the 3 main types of conditioning that we use in are daily life. Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning is one of the most basic forms of learning that we use today. You can see itRead MoreCompare and Contrast the Work of Harlow and Skinner Essay1528 Words   |  7 Pages(Macaca Mulatta). The reason for using this particular type is that they are easy to keep and breed in captivity; they also share 94% DNA to a human. After securing funding for a primate laboratory, Harlow started his work. However when cleaning the cages the infant monkeys would protest, Harlow then went on to find out whether the monkeys were on protest due to ‘contact comfort’. To test the idea of contact comfort Harlow constructed two types of surrogate mothers. One of the surrogate mothers wasRead MoreThe Theory Of Operant Conditioning Theory Essay746 Words   |  3 Pagessituation (Lefrancois, 2012, p. 91). His operant conditioning theory is constructed on reinforcements consisting of positive, negative, primary and secondary, punishments pertaining positive and negative and reinforcement schedules which includes ratio, interval, fixed and random schedules (Lefrancois, 2012, p. 93-96.). Skinner’s operant conditioning theory first revolves around reinforcers and reinforcements. Skinner according to Lefrancois (2012, p. 91), â€Å"defines a reinforcer as an event thatRead MoreTheoretical Perspectives That Define Social Psychology1727 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction Social psychology is the study of the nature and causes of human social behavior. There are five main theoretical perspectives that define social psychology. Role, cognitive, symbolic interaction, evolutionary, and reinforcement theory are the five theoretical perspectives that help understand human social behavior. However, each theoretical perspective examines different approaches and play different roles in social psychology. Some of the theories that make up social psychology takeRead MoreEssay On Strengthening Reinforced Concrete1195 Words   |  5 Pagesconcrete layers of different ages. 2.2. General consideration on reinforced concrete column A reinforced concrete column is a structural member designed to carry compressive loads, composed of concrete with an embedded steel frame to provide reinforcement. For design purposes the columns are separated into two categories: short columns and slender columns. In practice, columns are always subjected to bending moments and axial compressive loads. Bending moments are introduced due to several factorsRead MoreOperant Conditioning And Continuous Reinforcement1427 Words   |  6 Pagesconditioning and continuous reinforcement throughout his classroom. Operant conditioning is the behavior in which voluntary behavior are strengthened or weakened by consequences, while continuous reinforcement deals with giving a reinforcer after every response. These reinforcers can be either positive or negative, strengthening or weakening the behavior that occurred. Positive reinforcements are there to increase the opportunity of a specific behavior reoccurring and negative reinforcement is stre ngtheningRead MoreThe Theory Of Operant Conditioning1212 Words   |  5 Pages actions that are followed by desirable outcomes are more likely to be repeated while those followed by undesirable outcomes are less likely to be repeated. Operant conditioning relies on a fairly simple premise - actions that are followed by reinforcement will be strengthened and more likely to occur again in the future. If you tell a funny story in class and everybody laughs, you will probably be more likely to tell that story again in the future. Conversely, actions that result in punishment orRead MoreSkinner Behavioral Analysis Summary972 Words   |  4 Pagesconditioning types: Classical Conditioning – Salivating in response to the smell of food Operant Conditioning - Having a job and going to work every day to receive a paycheck. Shaping - Because operant conditioning so complex it must first be shaped. This happens through a series of successive approximations in which the subject is rewarded for gross approximation of the desired behavior, then closer approximations and finally the actual desired behavior. (Feist, J. and Roberts pg. 456) Reinforcement – Skinner

Learn About the Tarantulas Family Theraphosidae

Tarantulas look big and scary, but theyre actually rather docile and virtually harmless to people. Members of the family Theraphosidae exhibit some interesting behaviors and share certain traits. Description Chances are, you would recognize a tarantula if you came across one, without knowing much at all about the traits that define it as a member of the family Theraphosidae. People recognize tarantulas by their enormous size, relative to other spiders, and by their conspicuously hairy bodies and legs. But theres more to a tarantula than hair and heft. Tarantulas are mygalomorphs, along with their close cousins the trapdoor spiders, the purse-web spiders, and the folding-door spiders. Mygalomorphic ​spiders have two pairs of book lungs, and large chelicerae bearing parallel fangs that move up and down (rather than sideways, as they do in araneomorphic spiders). Tarantulas also have two claws on each foot. See this diagram of the parts of a tarantula for more information about the tarantula body. Most tarantulas live in burrows, with some species modifying existing crevices or burrows to their liking, and others constructing their homes from scratch. Some arboreal species climb off the ground, living in trees or even on cliffsides. Classification Kingdom – AnimaliaPhylum – ArthropodaClass – ArachnidaOrder – AraneaeInfraorder - MygalomorphaeFamily - Theraphosidae Diet Tarantulas are generalist predators. Most hunt passively, by simply lying in wait near their burrows until something wanders within reach. Tarantulas will eat anything small enough to catch and consume: arthropods, reptiles, amphibians, birds, and even small mammals. In fact, theyll even eat other tarantulas given the opportunity. Theres an old joke that tarantula keepers tell to illustrate this point: Q: What do you get when you put two small tarantulas in a terrarium?A: One big tarantula. Life Cycle Tarantulas engage in sexual reproduction, although the male transfers his sperm indirectly. When hes ready to mate, the male tarantula constructs a silken sperm web and deposits his sperm there. He then sucks the sperm back up with his pedipalps, filling special sperm storage organs. Only then is he ready to find a mate. A male tarantula will travel at night in search of a receptive female. In many tarantula species, the male and female engage in courtship rituals before mating. They may dance or drum or quiver to prove their worth to one another. When the female appears willing, the male approaches and inserts his pedipalps into her genital opening, and releases his sperm. He then quickly retreats to avoid being eaten. Female tarantulas usually wrap her eggs in silk, creating a protective egg sac which she may suspend in her burrow or move as environmental conditions change. In most tarantula species, the young emerge from the egg sac as bald, immobile postembryo, which require a few more weeks to darken and molt into their first instar stage. Tarantulas are long-lived, and typically take years to reach sexual maturity. Female tarantulas can live twenty years or more, while the males  life expectancy is closer to seven years. Special Behaviors and Defenses Although people often fear tarantulas, these big, hairy spiders are actually quite harmless. They arent likely to bite unless mishandled, and their venom isnt all that potent if they do. Tarantulas do, however, defend themselves if threatened. If they sense danger, many tarantulas will rear up on their hind legs, and extend their front legs and palpi in a kind of put up your dukes posture. Although they dont possess the means to inflict much damage on their attackers, this threatening posture is often enough to spook a potential predator. New World tarantulas employ a surprising defensive behavior – they fling urticating hairs plucked from their abdomens at the offenders face. These fine fibers can irritate the eyes and respiratory passages of predators, stopping them in their tracks. Even tarantula keepers need to be cautious when handling pet tarantulas. One tarantula owner in the UK was surprised when his eye doctor told him he had dozens of tiny hairs lodged in his eyeballs, and they were the cause of his discomfort and light sensitivity. Range and Distribution Tarantulas live in terrestrial habitats throughout the world, on every continent except Antarctica. Worldwide, about 900 species of tarantulas occur. Just 57 tarantula species inhabit the southwestern U.S. (according to Borror and DeLongs Introduction to the Study of Insects, 7th edition). Sources Bugs Rule! An Introduction to the World of Insects, by Whitney Cranshaw and Richard RedakBorror and Delongs Introduction to the Study of Insects, 7th edition, by Charles A. Triplehorn and Norman F. JohnsonTarantulas and Other Arachnids: Everything About Selection, Care, Nutrition, Health, Breeding, Behavior (Complete Pet Owners Manual), by Samuel D. MarshallThe Natural History of Tarantula Spiders,  by Richard C. Gallon. British Tarantula Society website, accessed online December 26, 2013.

The macroenvironmantal forces affect the banking industry are socia… Free Essays

string(181) " and wants for it, whether it is aiming the right group, whether there are points of difference, and whether Maybank would be more likely to make its end by executing the response\." Social forces include the demographic features of the population and its value. Demographic Age construction One of import tendency is the shifting age construction of the universe ‘s population, as aging is now a phenomenon realized by people around the universe. Families and Family The figure of families has been turning, as the family size has correspondingly been worsening. We will write a custom essay sample on The macroenvironmantal forces affect the banking industry are socia†¦ or any similar topic only for you Order Now Besides, there appears to be an addition in the figure of double-income household. Population Shifts As a consequence of the over-development and congestion of the metropolis centre, antecedently rural country are been urbanised which caused big proportions of Asiatic population reallocated from metropolis centres to suburbs. Shifts from place to foreign states are besides common. Culture A 2nd societal force, civilization, incorporates the set of values, thoughts and attitudes that are learned and shared among the members of a group. The altering attitudes and Roles of Men and Women Research suggests that the bulk or grownups today believe work forces and adult females should every bit portion most duties. Beliefs, Values and Habits The values of the population alteration with the demographics of the people who hold these values. Peoples who are more educated live a busy life style which indicates that they place great importance on efficiency and the up-to-date information. The increasing average age population implies the bulk would be more mature when apportioning incomes. The addition in the figure of double-income twosomes consequences in turning accent on the togetherness of a household which implies higher values on leisure clip spent as household. A alteration in ingestion orientation is besides evident. Today, and for the foreseeable hereafter, value consciousness will drive ingestion behaviour. Economic and Regulatory Forces The economic system pertains to the income, outgos, and resources that affect the cost of running a concern and family. Regulation consists of limitations that Torahs in different Asiatic states place on concern with respect to the behavior of its activities. Business and Consumer Expectations Of peculiar concern at the macroeconomic degree is the inflationary or recessive province of the economic system. During the most recent fiscal crisis started in 2007, the banking industry suffered immense losingss. Although a batch of marks indicate that the economic system is retrieving, people presents are still non so confident about the hereafter. Liberalization As a consequence of globalisation, liberalisation in trade and investing is encouraged in order to ease international interactions in economic and societal spheres by diplomatic coordination of ordinances and criterions. As a consequence, the economic system is more dynamic and efficient which becomes easier for states to pull foreign direct investing. Increasing Regulations on Banking Industry Due to the fiscal crisis, many states are set uping more ordinances that decrease the potency to gain net incomes from investings and other activities at Bankss in order to protect both the clients and the Bankss. Technological Forces Technology refers to innovations or inventions from applied scientific discipline or technology research. Each new moving ridge of technological invention can replace existing merchandises and companies. Electronic Business Technologies In the past two decennaries, consumers are going much more reliant on on-line direction of their bank histories as the figure of places and concerns basking broadband entree to the Internet has reached true mass-market range. With the increasing universe ‘s cellular telephone endorser base, the lower phone monetary values and the expand of cellular service, a genuinely radical moving ridge of nomadic phones that can pull off fiscal histories is easy taking root all over the universe. However, with the edification of the Internet has arisen the issue of cyber security, another technological alteration to which the banking industry has had to react. Deduction Obviously, the indicant of an aging population has brought about significant growing in nest eggs and retirement programs. Smaller families and double-income households lead to higher discretional incomes that can be saved or invested. Therefore, in the banking industry, sellers should offer more nest eggs and investing history options which enables consumers to choose the most appropriate program that can be personalized to outdo suit themselves. Due to the alone attitudes, lineage, communicating penchants and life styles of different groups harmonizing to coevals cohorts, genders and so on, the banking industry may develop different selling plans. As, the engineering develops, Bankss should see offering a comprehensive scope of services, such as screening and doing minutess, paying measures, online and by cell phone in order to supply convenience for clients so as to derive clients. Furthermore, for clients ‘ histories safety, Bankss should make more unafraid systems and give instructions on how to protect one ‘s history. Sing population displacements, set uping more subdivisions decently with respect to the bank size and mark clients would be a wise pick. One of import scheme can be offering clients foreign currency histories reacting to the addition in foreign currency usage. Another notable scheme would be developing on-line nest eggs histories for the adolescents due to the increasing degree of instruction. From this, Bankss can farther educate the young person and promote fiscal direction, and develop future trueness clients Banks should develop low-risk investing plans as people are still non so confident about the future economic system. An epoch of much lower risk-taking by traditional loaners has begun that will last for old ages. As consumers are going more value witting, the banking industry will go more competitory. Banks have to vie on value of their services in order to acquire clients who are necessitating more transparence when taking merchandise. Greatly increased regulative inadvertence will curtail loaners and investing companies of all types. Alternative loaning beginnings will be used to a turning grade by little concerns and some consumers unable to acquire loans elsewhere. 2. Responses and remarks: Maybank has done the following in response to the macroenvironmental alterations. Deciding whether the response is appropriate or non, we need to see whether there are demands and wants for it, whether it is aiming the right group, whether there are points of difference, and whether Maybank would be more likely to make its end by executing the response. You read "The macroenvironmantal forces affect the banking industry are socia†¦" in category "Essay examples" Offering a figure of nest eggs and investing history options such as the Gold Savings Passbook Account and Flexi Plan 2. This response is appropriate as it responded to growing in nest eggs and retirement programs. Furthermore, different options can provide to different group of people which will broaden the bank ‘s mark clients. Pioneering on-line nest eggs histories for the teenage market by developing the â€Å" imteen † history. â€Å" imteen † history is a good thought as through Multi-tiered involvement rate, Passbookless, Convenient ATM entree, Online entree, Free Personal Accident ( PA ) coverage, Academic Cash wagess, Maybank will pull parents who want their kids ( 12-18y ) to larn to pull off their finance with little hazard, and earn future clients. Establishing subdivisions throughout Asia part every bit good as the universe. As Maybank ‘s concerns are chiefly in South East Asia, it is non advisable for it to establish a batch of subdivisions outside Asia as it will non be profitable in the short tally. In add-on, since the universe is still in the shadow of crisis, Maybank should concentrate more on regain trusts from clients alternatively of spread outing its concerns rapidly. Developing the low-maintenance Premier Club history for â€Å" persons who are invariably on the spell † This response is appropriate since it satisfies the demands of people who are busy and in demand of current events and state of affairss. Offering its clients its scope of foreign currency histories which minimize the hazard of foreign exchange rate fluctuations. This action is appropriate as it sets clear targeted sections and attempts to fulfill their demands and wants of interchanging foreign currency easy and often. Offering a comprehensive scope of services that is accessible online while implementing the Transaction Authorisation Code system to make a more unafraid environment. These responses are evidently right as they meet clients ‘ demands and wants of doing minutess and other services online handily and safely. Offering many services accessible by cell phone. Using M-money to carry on services which is promoted to be unafraid and convenient. Maybank needs to be careful when implementing the engineering. Although nomadic banking makes banking services possible everyplace, there are still a batch of challenges. First, Maybank have to happen ways to fulfill clients with different nomadic phones since it is really hard for Bankss to offer nomadic banking solution on any type of device. Second, security of fiscal minutess, being executed from distant locations and transmittal over the air, need to be addressed jointly by nomadic application developers, radio web service suppliers and the Bankss ‘ IT sections. Third, another challenge for Maybank is to scale-up the nomadic banking substructure to manage exponential growing of the client base as Bankss unable to run into the clients ‘ increasing outlooks from the solution may lose client assurance. Other responses: Reacting to the altering attitudes and functions of work forces and adult females, Maybank should develop banking services catering to both genders. As indicated in the text edition, in Singapore, the United Overseas Bank launched a recognition card merely for ladies under the advertisement subject, â€Å" The Men Do n’t Get It. † Maybank should spread out its female client group by supplying particular services like publicities on watering place, shopping, dining, and traveling and so on. The tendency of value consciousness leads to Maybank analysing the market more carefully. Maybe it should add low-fee recognition cards in response to this new orientation. In order to gain money and minimise the hazard when loaning, Maybank should seek to develop new ways to do loans to clients. For illustration, enabling loaning by and between members of loaning nines, or between friends and household. 3. Some of the macroenvironmental forces impacting other industries are the similar to those in the banking industry, while some are different. Similarities: For societal environment, demographic forces about affect every industry greatly. For illustration, age construction will act upon vesture industry by make up one’s minding what manners of apparels to bring forth, and will impact nutrient industry on their scheme about what facet should they concentrate on, gustatory sensations, Calorie, or eating environment. It will besides impact computing machine industry by clients ‘ demands and wants altering among different age groups. With respect to economic forces, globalisation is an of import tendency. It has led to the rise of monolithic transnational nutrient processing companies, which frequently sell their nutrients under local names in local linguistic communications, after bring forthing them in regional mills worldwide. Due to globalisation, more and more local apparels trade names are known to the universe and design, production, and merchandising can be done in different states. The Computer industry is a genuinely globalized sector, where research, development and fabrication of constituents and systems have grown in the labs and fabrication workss of chiefly Asia states. When it comes to political environment, political hazards matter likewise to about all industries, as they need licences, protection for belongingss in foreign states, and turning away of societal agitation. In footings of engineering forces, about every industry is affected greatly nowadays. In vesture industry, the sweeping alteration in dress retailing is the lifting success of e-commerce which increases efficiency. Meanwhile, in nutrient industry, engineering has revolutionized the manner that we grow, conveyance, procedure, bundle, purchase and cook nutrient. There is no difference in banking industry as indicated above. Most significantly, engineering is indispensable to computing machine industry, non merely because of its ain development, but besides the other matching techniques such as Wi-Fi, and Internet contraptions. Differences: From my point of position, all macroenvironmental forces will impact all industries. The difference lies in to what widen they affect the industry. Some may be bantam and sellers do non necessitate to alter schemes, some may immense which force sellers to react. As for political environment, different Torahs impact otherwise to different industries. On one manus, Patent jurisprudence, copyright jurisprudence and other related Torahs are really of import to many industries as they give discoverers or author the right to protect their rational belongingss. It is particularly of import in computing machine industry, as the nucleus of InfoTech is creative activity and wisdom. Besides, in vesture industry, the increasing accent on right of first publication would forestall others from copying the design. However the consequence would non be so important in banking and nutrient industry. On the other manus, the Torahs and ordinances sing wellness are really important to nutrient industry. Sing societal forces, civilization plays an of import function in many industries. However, they may non be as powerful in banking industries as they are in other industries. For nutrient industry, people ‘s purchases of nutrient mostly depend on their eating wonts. However, as people are paying more attending to wellness and fittingness, it may necessitate to alter its focal point from gustatory sensation to take down Calorie or full nutrition. In vesture industry, civilization chiefly determines what a group of people would have on. Besides, as the addition concern on wellness, people have developed a acute involvement in athleticss dress and exercise cogwheel. On the other manus, for banking and computing machine industries, the consequence of civilization may non be that important. Deduction: Before doing determinations on market schemes, sellers should first transport out a careful environmental scanning analysing the chief forces that affect the industry significantly and that should concentrate on. It is besides advisable for sellers to detect all the other undistinguished forces in instance as the society develops, they become important adequate to impact the industry. How to cite The macroenvironmantal forces affect the banking industry are socia†¦, Essay examples